最新sp小贝协议书汇总(五篇)

在日常的学习、工作、生活中，肯定对各类范文都很熟悉吧。大家想知道怎么样才能写一篇比较优质的范文吗？下面是小编为大家收集的优秀范文，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。

最新sp小贝协议书汇总一

welcome to hunlunbeier grassland! first of all, id like to tell you why people call this bdautiful grassland hulunbeier grassland. there is a moving legend behind it. a long, long time ago there lived a couple of lovers on the grassland. the girl was a hu lun. the boy was bei er. one day a demon chief called mang gusi abducted hulun and dried up the grassland. the grass withered and yellowed and domestic animals died one after order to save the grassland and hu lun, beier traved a great distance on foot, chasing after mang gasi day and night. finally, he fainted from exhaustion. in his weakened state, he dreamt that the demon chief had magically turned hu lu,bei er traveled a great distance on foot, chasing after mang gasi day and night. finally, he fainted from his weakened state, he dreamt that the demon chief had magically turned hu lun into a flower which was and suffering from the windy dream in front of him. he immediately watered the flower and broke the spell. hu lun changed back into her former self. but the demon chief would not give up. he immediately watered the flower and broke the spell. hu lun changed back in to her former self. but the demon chief would not give up. he seized hu lun and took her away again. hu lun racked her brain for a way to escape. she succeeded in getting hold of the magic pearl on the demon chief`s head. on swallowing the pearl hu lun turned into a lake. in the meantime beier had killed all of the other demons, but failed to find hu lun. heartbroken, bei er jumped in to a lake to kill of a sudden the earth split open and formed two lakes, hu lun lake and bei er lake, with the wilson river closely connecting them. later,people living on the grassland named the land hulunbeier grassland in momory of them.

hulunbeier covers an area of 250.557 square kilometers,with a totel population of 2.66 million. the mongolian natiality is the dominant ethic group, and 35 other nationlities,such as dawoer, ewenke, elunchun, han, manchu, russian, etc. live in harmony with them on the grassland. hunlunbeier is called green and clean land because it is relatively free of pollution.

(entering the grassland)

now were setting foot on hunlunbeier grassland. all of us have escaped from the city and its clamour and entered a place like a dreamland,look! the grassland looks like asoft, green cerpet, nowyou can enjoy the beautiful scenery in the distance; numeros kinds of wild flowers are in bloom, and wisps of smoke are rising continuously from the yurta scattered on the grassland. when the gentle breeze brushes against the grass, herds of horses and cattle and flock of sheep seem to be drifting from here ro there. what a beautiful picture!

(visiting a yurt)

this is the yurt we saw from the bus just now. look!the host and his family have come out of the to greet us. of couse, this is not an arranged reception, to be sure. but before we enter the yurt, idlike to make a brief introduction on the folk costoms here. no matter which yurt you happen to visit, you will finethat on hesring your footsteps the mongolian people will extend a warm welcome outsite the yurt, to do justice to their reputed hospitality. when greeting you, they will put their hands against their chests and bow slightly. with a how do you do, they invite their guestsin. male guests are invited to sit on the left and female on the right, while host sits in midle. the moment you take your seats, your host will have milk tea and various kinds of milk products pleaced in front of you. after a white, you will most probably probabyly be asked to help yourself to a special course called shouba lamd. as a way of showing respct to his distinguished guest, your hast will prsent you with a hada( a piece of silk used as a greeting gift), together with a cup of lacal wine. mongolians are well known for theirtalent in singing and beautiful songs are as entertaining and pleasant as the blue sky, white clouds, greengrass and fresh flowers, in folk culture, there is a saying that a feast is not a true feast without the company of songs. every person in the grassland, man or woman, old or young, can sing folk songs. when proposing toasts to their guests, they will show their hospitality by singing folksongs and playing special fiddles. the mongolian people have lived on the vast grassland for a long time, and they have refined their talent for sing and dancing. you can not only please your eyes with their traditional ethnic dancing but also with their mondern ones featuring merry rhythms and vigorous let`s enter the yurt and take advantage of this opportunity to be guests in a mongolian herdsman`s home.

(stepping out of the yurt)

under the blue sky and white clouds, you will see a vivid picture of flocks of sheep and herds of cattle, galloping horses and skillful herdsen on horseback brandishing horsewhips. do you want to go for a ride ? if you are skilled at riding, why not ride a mongolian horse for a while or wander about on camelback?if you are afraid of riding horses or camels,never mind. you still can enjoy the nomandic life by taking a special mongolian vehicle called a lele.

(briefing on the physique of mongolians)

now you have had a look at the grassland with your own eyes, but did you noticed that the mongolian girls are graceful,elegant and vigorous, and the young fellow are robust, heroic and muscular? it is said that this has much to do with their life styles which are connected with horse sports,running and r,the important role played by milk tea and milk products in developing their muscles and bones canot be underestimated.

(briefing on the dietary habit of mongolians)

lets start with milk tea,the host minces the tea and put it in a kettle to boil it. when the kettle starts boiling with a gurgling sound, the host pours the fresh milk into it. thus the herdsman coming in from a snowstorm will warm up immediately after having such a cup of milk tea. a bowl of milk tea, stir-fried rice, several piece of a dry milk product and some lamb is regarded as a delicious meal by the ordinary mongolian herdsman. milk products include the skin of boiled milk, milk curd, milk wine, cheese, butter and so on. the formal meal may be served with meat and a flour-base product.

while you are here on the grassland, it will be a great pity if you do not try shouba lamb(boil meat which is eaten using a knife and your hands).the lamb is first cut into big slices and then put into boiling water to it is half done, you cut it into smaller pieces with the mongolian knife and eat it. themongolian people think that half-done meat contains more nutrients.

(briefing on mongolian clothing)

the mongolian robe is unique to this ethnic group. the robe is often matched with a belt and head its high collar and long sleeves, the robe protects people from mosquitoes. the middle part of the robe is made loose for the convenience of riding horses and is long enough to keep the knees warm. you can find all kinds of clothes here today, but the robe is the cultural heritage of the mongolians and has become a symbol of their national conscience and identity.

(briefing on mongolian yurta)

you can see mongolian yurta here and there on do you know the history and structure of the mongolian yurta?according to the historical records of the xiongnu,an ancient ethnic group, their ancestors lived in the northland long ago. their living quarters were called yurta. in this sense mongolians, as a ethnic group, can date to 4,000 years ago. so the mongolian yurta are a symbol of the history of this ethnic group. now let`s talk about the construction of a yurt are a symbol of the history of this ethnic group, now let`s talk about the construction of a yurt. herdsmen first build a round foundation with pieces of stones, then they set up the structure with wodden wods and beams linked together with wollen or fur ropes,lastly, they cover the structure with animal skins or felt ceiling of the yurt is round. with such a structure, the yurt can withstand snowstorms and heavy rainfalls. the door of the yurt is small and down to the ground. the yurt can be easily moved and this is suitable for nomadic accounts for the reason why the structure of the yurt remains unchanged till today. if the mongolian yurt is seen as the home of the herdsmen, then the lelecarts can be viewed as their mobile homes. lelecarts move slowly with big noise. it is hard to tell when the history of lelecarts began. all the carts are made of birch, so they will reain in good condition even in wet weather. the wheels of the carts are tall and can easily roll across the uneven roads, lush bushes, thick snow and marshes. lelecarts are indispensable for herdsmen when they move cross snow-covered areas.

(briefing on mongolian festivals)

there are a lot of mogolian festivals held every year on the grassland, but the most famous one is nadam,the carnival the grassland. nadamin the mongolian language means recreation or entertainment. when it comes, there will be a lot of performances,such as horse racing, wrestling, archery and some other special ethnic performances. the nadam fair is a time-honored festival and was known world wide for 700years, nowadays the nadam fair is often held during the harvest season of the grassland, either in june or that period, herdsmen often take the opportunity to sell domestic animals and livestock products and purchasse daily necessilties and livelihood-related goods.

acturally, the herdsmen have few chances to get together on such a vast grassland, so nadam also plays the role of a big trade fair for them, when we talk about nadam, we should also talk about offering sacrifice at in mogolian means a pile of rocks or earth. on the vast and endless grassland, it is hard to tell directions, so people thought of pilling rocks or earth to mark them, in its long historical development aobao has become the shrine to offer scrifices to the god of the mountain and the god of the the sacrifice offering ceremony,people insert tree branches into the aobao and put pieces of colorful cloth or paper flags with written scripture on the branches there are four types of memorial ceremonies, namely blood,wine,fire and jade. no matter what type it is, a lama will be invited to butn incenses, chant scriptures and pray for the blessing of the people and their livestock. participants will walk around the aobao clockwise three the ceremony, the herdmen will not only enjoy horse races,wrestling and archery, but also singing, dancing and drinking to their heart`s content. around that time, young lovers will probably leave the crowd to be in a world of their own.

dear,distinguished guests,after this tour of this grassland i believe you must have a general idea of how the mongolian pelple live here and may een feel reluctant to leave the beautiful hulunbeier grassland. i belive the grassland and its people enjoyed your visit as much as you did and look forward to your next one.

ladies and gentlemen,i hope to have another chance to meet you again on this very land, the hulunbeier grassland. goodbye and good luck.

最新sp小贝协议书汇总二

[提要]实验室在一个国家的创新体系中具有基础性作用。本文以创新价值链为理论基础，对有近百年历史的贝尔实验室的兴衰进行案例分析，分析其成功的机制，也总结其走向衰弱的原因。并对我国建设实验室提出若干有针对性的建议。

关键词：贝尔实验室；创新价值链；国家实验室；科技创新

中图分类号：f27文献标识码：a

收录日期：2017年10月23日

实验室在一个国家的创新体系中具有基础性的作用，对促进原始创新、培养创新人才、培育新兴产业起着至关重要的作用。本文以创新价值链为理论基础，以美国贝尔实验室为案例，分析其近百年发展历程，对我国实验室资助体系提出政策建议。

以贝尔实验室为案例进行专题研究的文献在我国比较少。在知网上以“贝尔实验室”为标题关键词检索，截至2016年底，共有文献193篇，剔除介绍类、技术类文献外，大多分析贝尔实验室的成功之道。1984年，美国电报电话公司（at&t）被拆分后，贝尔实验室走向衰弱，2008年金融危机后贝尔实验室放弃了基础物理研究，对其由盛转衰的专题研究更少，大多以报道、评论的形式见诸报纸与网络。

我国学者更多的是对国家实验室进行面上研究，周岱等（2008）将美国实验室分为三类：gogo（government-ownedandgovernment-operated）实验室，政府拥有资产、政府直接管理的国家实验室；goco（government-ownedandcontractor-operated）实验室，政府拥有资产、政府委托承包商管理的国家实验室；coco（contractor-ownedandcontractor-operated）实验室，政府提供资助，与大学或企业界共同建设的国家实验室。分析了国家实验室三要素：物质要素、人才要素和制度要素，着重研究国家实验室的管理体制和运行机制。吴松强等（2013）比较美、英、德、日国家重点实验室在经费、人员管理与流动、监督与评估、资源与设备共享、合作与竞争等方面的特征，对中国建设国家实验室起到借鉴作用。林耕等（2009）、刘学之等（2015）研究了美国国家实验室技术转移制度，提出了政策建议。从现有文献看，我国学者对实验室的运行及管理机制研究较多，对实验室运行原理及成果扩展机制的理论研究较少；对国内外实验室管理模式比较较多，对典型案例的深入分析较少；对国家拥有或资助的实验室研究较多，对企业实验室研究较少。

1925年，美国电报电话公司（at&t）收购了西方电子公司的研究部门，成立“贝尔电话实验室公司”（简称“贝尔实验室”）。据统计，贝尔实验室一共诞生过11位诺贝尔物理奖获得者，分享了7次诺贝尔物理学奖，还诞生过1次诺贝尔化学奖。截至2012年，贝尔实验室共有有效专利29，190项，出版物和会议论文400多篇，许多重大发明对世界经济发展起到关键性作用，如unix操作系统使计算机联网成为现实，c语言是当代最流行的编程语言，激光器与原子能、半导体、计算机一起被誉为20世纪四大发明，蜂窝式移动电话、光纤及光通信科技等都来自贝尔实验室。

在贝尔实验室之前，西方工业化国家的企业实验室均以追求专利发明为目标。贝尔实验室的第一任总裁f.b.尤厄特在实践中发现：信号衰减、噪音干涉、信息失密等问题都来自当时市场普遍使用的“电子管”器件的固有缺陷。在“电子管”框架下的研发不能从根本上解决问题，必须从基础研究开始实现颠覆性的创新，1947年贝尔实验室发明“晶体管”，开启了微电子技术和信息革命的新时代。

1984年，美国司法部根据《反托拉斯法》对at&t进行拆分，形成新的at&t公司和数个本地电话公司，贝尔实验室也因此缩减成贝尔实验室核心团队。1995年到1996年间，at&t公司又被进行一轮拆分，贝尔实验室和设备制造部门分离出来形成一个新公司——朗讯科技。2006年，法国阿尔卡特公司收购朗讯科技形成阿尔卡特-朗讯公司，原属朗讯科技的贝尔实验室也一并合并到阿尔卡特-朗讯公司。2015年，诺基亚收购阿尔卡特-朗讯公司，保留贝尔实验室。2000年以来，贝尔实验室一直被缩减研究经费和裁员。2008年金融危机后，更是放弃了引以为傲的基础物理学研究，把有限的资源投向网络、高速电子、无线电、纳米技术、软件等能为母公司带来回报的领域。其位于新泽西霍姆德的贝尔实验室大楼被卖掉，至高无上的科研殿堂最终沦为按平方米估价的商业楼盘。

20世纪80年代之前是贝尔实验室发展的“黄金时代”，物理史学家michaelriordan评论道“不会再有任何机构能够超越贝尔实验室对国家科技发展做出的贡献”，作为昔日美国高科技的一张名片，其取得成功的运行机制至今给后人以启迪。

（一）构建完整的创新价值链。美籍奥地利经济学家熊彼特首先提出了“创新”的概念，把技术与经济结合起来，开创了“创新经济学”。为解释创新对经济的作用，诺贝尔经济学奖获得者索罗首提技术创新成立的两个条件——新思想来源和后阶段发展。后人又逐步发展成“创新价值链”理论，阿迷东（，1998）把创新价值链定义为“3c”过程：创造（creation）、转化（conversion）、商品化（commercialization）。汉森（，2007）等提出了一个完整的创新价值链框架，即企业的创新从创意的产生到价值的创造是一个首尾相连的过程，大致可以分为三个阶段：创意的产生、创意的转换、创意的扩散。

贝尔实验室在多年实践的基础上，逐步形成一套独特的创新的“闭循环机制”，见图1。可以看到，贝尔实验室的“闭循环机制”就是在企业内部形成一个完整的“创新价值链”。在广泛开展基础研究的前提下選择有应用前景的技术，组织团队攻关，形成设计或产品，交由生产部门生产，由营销部门投放市场，并将市场反应及新需求，反馈给基础研究部，作为再选题的一个条件，这种在企业内部形成的创新价值链，避免了基础研究、应用研究、生产营销不在同一个企业造成的互不配合的状况，从而实现企业价值增值和核心竞争力。（图1）endprint

为促进“闭循环机制”的顺利运行，贝尔实验室形成了如下保障机制：

1、信息的循环流动机制。在实验室内部建立创新信息的循环流动机制，特别是贝尔实验室的建筑设计，墙体可以自由移动，快速变成各种大小不等的空间，在物理空间上支持信息流通，促进基础研究部门的科学家和应用转化部门的工程师“配对”和“焊接”。

2、设立专职“市场工程师”。“市场工程师”主要负责对基础研究成果中有应用前景的成果，组织强大的攻关团队，进行技术研发和产品开发；负责向基础研究部门反馈市场需求，促进研究工作更贴近市场需要。总而言之，是把理论方面和应用方面的众多科学家和工程师组织起来，缩短科技成果转化周期。

（二）雄厚的经济实力与垄断的市场地位。贝尔实验室能在企业内部形成完整的创新价值链，还与其雄厚的经济实力相关。1925年，at&t公司已在有线及无线电话领域占领美国90%的市场。为控制垄断利润，建立了“研发经费与销售收入挂钩”机制，以保证贝尔实验室有充足的研发投入，可以购置与研发相关的精良设备，还可以自己研制市场上还没有的研发设备。1925年实验室成立时有3，600人，其中科技人员2，000人，当年的经费预算1，200万美元；1995年有29，000人，其中科技人员19，000人，年度预算达37.18亿元。从基础研究成果的产生，筛选出值得投资的技术与产品进行二次开发，到最后投入生产，批量生产、取得利润，再把利润投入科学研究中，贝尔实验室的创新价值链与资金链协同，形成了一个良性循环。更重要的是，基础研究和前瞻性研究的周期长、风险大、收效慢，“研发经费与销售收入挂钩”的机制确保了资金的长期稳定投入。

（三）严格的选拔机制与宽松的研究氛围。贝尔实验室历届总裁都有博士学位，有几任总裁获得过诺贝尔物理学奖，在产业界、学术界具有很高的声望。贝尔实验室的招聘制度十分严格，虽然每个部门永远有招人名额，但每年只招收极少的优秀人才，初级人员的重要素质包括对科学追求的理念和自我驱动的激情。资深专家的招聘根据其在科技领域的领导地位决定。贝尔实验室在研究选题上，充分尊重个人的兴趣和专长，既支持与通讯有关的选题，也支持暂时还看不到应用前景的选题，努力营造容忍失败、鼓励创新的研究氛圍。没有繁琐的进度检查或任务汇报，只大力强调独立思考，激发创造性思维。宽松的研究氛围为贝尔实验室的高质量产出创造了良好的生态环境。

20世纪80年代以后，贝尔实验室日渐式微，有市场环境、政府政策、企业战略等多方面的原因，本文主要从创新价值链的视角进行分析：

（一）创新链的断裂。创新价值链的形成与产业周期、企业规模与经济实力等息息相关。20世纪90年代以后，at&t公司本有两次大的发展机遇，第一次是2000年前后的网络革命，第二次是90年代中期延续至今的无线通信时代。作为最早投入大量人力物力研发“随时可以带在身边的电话”的贝尔实验室，因错误地预判这种电话的市场有限而出售了一系列相关技术的专利权。当世界范围内的无线通讯迅猛发展起来后，at&t公司才不得不在1994年出巨资114亿美元购买麦克考移动电话公司开始无线电话业务。贝尔实验室与无线通讯市场份额失之交臂，再一次说明发明创造并不直接等同于价值增值，促进成果转化及产业化，要注重技术推动与市场拉动相结合，更要注重创新价值链上创造、转化、商品化的环环相扣，以适应瞬息万变的市场竞争。

（二）产业链的错位。20世纪80年代以后，贝尔实验室面临着完全不同的市场环境，不仅受到互联网迅猛发展的影响，更有来自无线终端、智能手机及各种应用对母公司传统电话业务的冲击。对垄断企业的政府规制更引发了实验室经济来源的不稳定，原本按照产业链部署创新链，注重基础与前瞻研究，打乱了自身的节奏，2008年以后完全放弃擅长的基础物理的研究，而是将有限的资源投向网络、高速电子、无线电、纳米技术、软件等，追随市场热点，反而适得其反。

（三）资金链的短缺。at&t公司自从1984年因反垄断原因被拆分后，又几易其主，以基础研究、系统工程和应用开发见长的贝尔实验室，因需要大量研发投入、产出较慢，并不是华尔街公司评级上的加分项目。20世纪90年代以后，主要从事设备生产的朗讯科技又面临来自发展中国家设备商诸如华为、中兴的价格挑战，营业利润急剧下降并且长期赤字，无力维持贝尔实验室所从事的中长期基础与前瞻研究。在没有了巨额垄断利润，市场竞争激励、不断趋于平均利润的新时代，仅凭企业一己之力进行全创新价值链的构建，越来越不适应时代的发展。

贝尔实验室的“黄金时代”一去不复返，我们的时代是否还需要这种大型的研究院所，如何建设我们国家的实验室体系，是如今我们需要思考的问题。

（一）鼓励有条件的企业建设实验室。科技部《国家重点实验室2014年度报告》显示，截至2014年底，正在运行的国家重点实验室共有258个，试点国家实验室6个，主要分布在教育部和中国科学院，占82.2%，其他部门和地方占17.8%。我国主要鼓励企业建设国家工程技术研究中心，充分发挥其在工程化研究开发，科技成果转化方面的作用，截至2014年底，共有67个国家工程技术研究中心，数量偏少。按照上述资助思路，高等院校、科研院所主要从事基础研究，企业主要从事工程化研究开发，人为地在创新价值链上割裂开来，并不利于我国的科技创新与成果转化。鼓励有条件的大中型企业建立实验室，开展面向产业需求、市场需求的基础研究，也使中国的前瞻性基础研究和应用研究更加适应未来产业创新的需求，提升中国企业的核心竞争力。

（二）政府与企业合作建设实验室。正如上文分析，如今的创新时代，市场竞争愈来愈激烈，创新型企业很难再获得垄断利润和超额利润，企业利润不断地趋于市场平均利润，仅凭企业一己之力进行全创新价值链的构建，已经不适应时代的要求。现代的创新价值链是建立在多元主体上，高等院校、科研院所，以及企业形成协同创新，形成政府、企业、社会多元投入机制。高等院校和科研院所应明确自己在创新价值链上的位置和增值潜力，尽可能与创新链其他环节加强衔接，使自己的研究成果尽快实现转化。而企业特别是大型企业更贴近市场、更具有信息优势，因此企业应明确自己在创新链上的地位和作用，主动与高等院所和科研院所实现有效对接，加强面向产业需求、市场需求的研究，提高创新效益。

（三）创新实验室管理机制。在实验室的管理上，应借鉴贝尔实验室的成功经验，实行严格的人才引进与选拔机制，建立实验室研究人员有序的流进流出机制，以充实和优化研究队伍。既要重视科研人员，也要打造专职“市场工程师”，做好基础研究的科学家与成果转化的工程师之间“配对”和“焊接”的工作。营造良好宽松的研究氛围，充分尊重个人的兴趣和专长，既支持与主营相关的研发，也支持暂时还看不到应用前景的选题，注重创新价值链上的前瞻布局，努力营造容忍失败、鼓励创新的研究氛围。

主要参考文献：

[1]吴磊.贝尔实验室今何在[j].it经理世界，2013.9.

[2]张晓林，吴育华.创新价值链及其有效运作的机制分析[j].大连理工大学学报（社会科学版），2005.3.

[3]蒋景华.贝尔实验室创新经验的启迪[j].实验技术与管理，2010.27.3.

[4]赵大庆，杨锋.由贝尔实验室论及科技成果转化的机制和模式[j].科技导报，nt

最新sp小贝协议书汇总三

lady and genlenmen:

welcome to hunlunbeier grassland! first of all, id like to tell you why people call this bdautiful grassland hulunbeier grassland. there is a moving legend behind it. a long, long time ago there lived a couple of lovers on the grassland. the girl was a hu lun. the boy was bei er. one day a demon chief called mang gusi abducted hulun and dried up the grassland. the grass withered and yellowed and domestic animals died one after order to save the grassland and hu lun, beier traved a great distance on foot, chasing after mang gasi day and night. finally, he fainted from exhaustion. in his weakened state, he dreamt that the demon chief had magically turned hu lu,bei er traveled a great distance on foot, chasing after mang gasi day and night. finally, he fainted from his weakened state, he dreamt that the demon chief had magically turned hu lun into a flower which was and suffering from the windy dream in front of him. he immediately watered the flower and broke the spell. hu lun changed back into her former self. but the demon chief would not give up. he immediately watered the flower and broke the spell. hu lun changed back in to her former self. but the demon chief would not give up. he seized hu lun and took her away again. hu lun racked her brain for a way to escape. she succeeded in getting hold of the magic pearl on the demon chief`s head. on swallowing the pearl hu lun turned into a lake. in the meantime beier had killed all of the other demons, but failed to find hu lun. heartbroken, bei er jumped in to a lake to kill of a sudden the earth split open and formed two lakes, hu lun lake and bei er lake, with the wilson river closely connecting them. later,people living on the grassland named the land hulunbeier grassland in momory of them.

hulunbeier covers an area of 250.557 square kilometers,with a totel population of 2.66 million. the mongolian natiality is the dominant ethic group, and 35 other nationlities,such as dawoer, ewenke, elunchun, han, manchu, russian, etc. live in harmony with them on the grassland. hunlunbeier is called green and clean land because it is relatively free of pollution.

(entering the grassland)

now were setting foot on hunlunbeier grassland. all of us have escaped from the city and its clamour and entered a place like a dreamland,look! the grassland looks like asoft, green cerpet, nowyou can enjoy the beautiful scenery in the distance; numeros kinds of wild flowers are in bloom, and wisps of smoke are rising continuously from the yurta scattered on the grassland. when the gentle breeze brushes against the grass, herds of horses and cattle and flock of sheep seem to be drifting from here ro there. what a beautiful picture!

(visiting a yurt)

this is the yurt we saw from the bus just now. look!the host and his family have come out of the to greet us. of couse, this is not an arranged reception, to be sure. but before we enter the yurt, idlike to make a brief introduction on the folk costoms here. no matter which yurt you happen to visit, you will finethat on hesring your footsteps the mongolian people will extend a warm welcome outsite the yurt, to do justice to their reputed hospitality. when greeting you, they will put their hands against their chests and bow slightly. with a how do you do, they invite their guestsin. male guests are invited to sit on the left and female on the right, while host sits in midle. the moment you take your seats, your host will have milk tea and various kinds of milk products pleaced in front of you. after a white, you will most probably probabyly be asked to help yourself to a special course called shouba lamd. as a way of showing respct to his distinguished guest, your hast will prsent you with a hada( a piece of silk used as a greeting gift), together with a cup of lacal wine. mongolians are well known for theirtalent in singing and beautiful songs are as entertaining and pleasant as the blue sky, white clouds, greengrass and fresh flowers, in folk culture, there is a saying that a feast is not a true feast without the company of songs. every person in the grassland, man or woman, old or young, can sing folk songs. when proposing toasts to their guests, they will show their hospitality by singing folksongs and playing special fiddles. the mongolian people have lived on the vast grassland for a long time, and they have refined their talent for sing and dancing. you can not only please your eyes with their traditional ethnic dancing but also with their mondern ones featuring merry rhythms and vigorous let`s enter the yurt and take advantage of this opportunity to be guests in a mongolian herdsman`s home.

(stepping out of the yurt)

under the blue sky and white clouds, you will see a vivid picture of flocks of sheep and herds of cattle, galloping horses and skillful herdsen on horseback brandishing horsewhips. do you want to go for a ride ? if you are skilled at riding, why not ride a mongolian horse for a while or wander about on camelback?if you are afraid of riding horses or camels,never mind. you still can enjoy the nomandic life by taking a special mongolian vehicle called a lele.

(briefing on the physique of mongolians)

now you have had a look at the grassland with your own eyes, but did you noticed that the mongolian girls are graceful,elegant and vigorous, and the young fellow are robust, heroic and muscular? it is said that this has much to do with their life styles which are connected with horse sports,running and r,the important role played by milk tea and milk products in developing their muscles and bones canot be underestimated.

(briefing on the dietary habit of mongolians)

lets start with milk tea,the host minces the tea and put it in a kettle to boil it. when the kettle starts boiling with a gurgling sound, the host pours the fresh milk into it. thus the herdsman coming in from a snowstorm will warm up immediately after having such a cup of milk tea. a bowl of milk tea, stir-fried rice, several piece of a dry milk product and some lamb is regarded as a delicious meal by the ordinary mongolian herdsman. milk products include the skin of boiled milk, milk curd, milk wine, cheese, butter and so on. the formal meal may be served with meat and a flour-base product.

while you are here on the grassland, it will be a great pity if you do not try shouba lamb(boil meat which is eaten using a knife and your hands).the lamb is first cut into big slices and then put into boiling water to it is half done, you cut it into smaller pieces with the mongolian knife and eat it. themongolian people think that half-done meat contains more nutrients.

(briefing on mongolian clothing)

the mongolian robe is unique to this ethnic group. the robe is often matched with a belt and head its high collar and long sleeves, the robe protects people from mosquitoes. the middle part of the robe is made loose for the convenience of riding horses and is long enough to keep the knees warm. you can find all kinds of clothes here today, but the robe is the cultural heritage of the mongolians and has become a symbol of their national conscience and identity.

(briefing on mongolian yurta)

you can see mongolian yurta here and there on do you know the history and structure of the mongolian yurta?according to the historical records of the xiongnu,an ancient ethnic group, their ancestors lived in the northland long ago. their living quarters were called yurta. in this sense mongolians, as a ethnic group, can date to 4,000 years ago. so the mongolian yurta are a symbol of the history of this ethnic group. now let`s talk about the construction of a yurt are a symbol of the history of this ethnic group, now let`s talk about the construction of a yurt. herdsmen first build a round foundation with pieces of stones, then they set up the structure with wodden wods and beams linked together with wollen or fur ropes,lastly, they cover the structure with animal skins or felt ceiling of the yurt is round. with such a structure, the yurt can withstand snowstorms and heavy rainfalls. the door of the yurt is small and down to the ground. the yurt can be easily moved and this is suitable for nomadic accounts for the reason why the structure of the yurt remains unchanged till today. if the mongolian yurt is seen as the home of the herdsmen, then the lelecarts can be viewed as their mobile homes. lelecarts move slowly with big noise. it is hard to tell when the history of lelecarts began. all the carts are made of birch, so they will reain in good condition even in wet weather. the wheels of the carts are tall and can easily roll across the uneven roads, lush bushes, thick snow and marshes. lelecarts are indispensable for herdsmen when they move cross snow-covered areas.

(briefing on mongolian festivals)

there are a lot of mogolian festivals held every year on the grassland, but the most famous one is nadam,the carnival the grassland. nadamin the mongolian language means recreation or entertainment. when it comes, there will be a lot of performances,such as horse racing, wrestling, archery and some other special ethnic performances. the nadam fair is a time-honored festival and was known world wide for 700years, nowadays the nadam fair is often held during the harvest season of the grassland, either in june or that period, herdsmen often take the opportunity to sell domestic animals and livestock products and purchasse daily necessilties and livelihood-related goods.

acturally, the herdsmen have few chances to get together on such a vast grassland, so nadam also plays the role of a big trade fair for them, when we talk about nadam, we should also talk about offering sacrifice at in mogolian means a pile of rocks or earth. on the vast and endless grassland, it is hard to tell directions, so people thought of pilling rocks or earth to mark them, in its long historical development aobao has become the shrine to offer scrifices to the god of the mountain and the god of the the sacrifice offering ceremony,people insert tree branches into the aobao and put pieces of colorful cloth or paper flags with written scripture on the branches there are four types of memorial ceremonies, namely blood,wine,fire and jade. no matter what type it is, a lama will be invited to butn incenses, chant scriptures and pray for the blessing of the people and their livestock. participants will walk around the aobao clockwise three the ceremony, the herdmen will not only enjoy horse races,wrestling and archery, but also singing, dancing and drinking to their heart`s content. around that time, young lovers will probably leave the crowd to be in a world of their own.

dear,distinguished guests,after this tour of this grassland i believe you must have a general idea of how the mongolian pelple live here and may een feel reluctant to leave the beautiful hulunbeier grassland. i belive the grassland and its people enjoyed your visit as much as you did and look forward to your next one.

ladies and gentlemen,i hope to have another chance to meet you again on this very land, the hulunbeier grassland. goodbye and good luck.

最新sp小贝协议书汇总四

lady and genlenmen:

welcome to hunlunbeier grassland! first of all, id like to tell you why people call this bdautiful grassland hulunbeier grassland. there is a moving legend behind it. a long, long time ago there lived a couple of lovers on the grassland. the girl was a hu lun. the boy was bei er. one day a demon chief called mang gusi abducted hulun and dried up the grassland. the grass withered and yellowed and domestic animals died one after order to save the grassland and hu lun, beier traved a great distance on foot, chasing after mang gasi day and night. finally, he fainted from exhaustion. in his weakened state, he dreamt that the demon chief had magically turned hu lu,bei er traveled a great distance on foot, chasing after mang gasi day and night. finally, he fainted from his weakened state, he dreamt that the demon chief had magically turned hu lun into a flower which was and suffering from the windy dream in front of him. he immediately watered the flower and broke the spell. hu lun changed back into her former self. but the demon chief would not give up. he immediately watered the flower and broke the spell. hu lun changed back in to her former self. but the demon chief would not give up. he seized hu lun and took her away again. hu lun racked her brain for a way to escape. she succeeded in getting hold of the magic pearl on the demon chief`s head. on swallowing the pearl hu lun turned into a lake. in the meantime beier had killed all of the other demons, but failed to find hu lun. heartbroken, bei er jumped in to a lake to kill of a sudden the earth split open and formed two lakes, hu lun lake and bei er lake, with the wilson river closely connecting them. later,people living on the grassland named the land hulunbeier grassland in momory of them.

hulunbeier covers an area of 250.557 square kilometers,with a totel population of 2.66 million. the mongolian natiality is the dominant ethic group, and 35 other nationlities,such as dawoer, ewenke, elunchun, han, manchu, russian, etc. live in harmony with them on the grassland. hunlunbeier is called green and clean land because it is relatively free of pollution.

(entering the grassland)

now were setting foot on hunlunbeier grassland. all of us have escaped from the city and its clamour and entered a place like a dreamland,look! the grassland looks like asoft, green cerpet, nowyou can enjoy the beautiful scenery in the distance; numeros kinds of wild flowers are in bloom, and wisps of smoke are rising continuously from the yurta scattered on the grassland. when the gentle breeze brushes against the grass, herds of horses and cattle and flock of sheep seem to be drifting from here ro there. what a beautiful picture!

(visiting a yurt)

this is the yurt we saw from the bus just now. look!the host and his family have come out of the to greet us. of couse, this is not an arranged reception, to be sure. but before we enter the yurt, idlike to make a brief introduction on the folk costoms here. no matter which yurt you happen to visit, you will finethat on hesring your footsteps the mongolian people will extend a warm welcome outsite the yurt, to do justice to their reputed hospitality. when greeting you, they will put their hands against their chests and bow slightly. with a how do you do, they invite their guestsin. male guests are invited to sit on the left and female on the right, while host sits in midle. the moment you take your seats, your host will have milk tea and various kinds of milk products pleaced in front of you. after a white, you will most probably probabyly be asked to help yourself to a special course called shouba lamd. as a way of showing respct to his distinguished guest, your hast will prsent you with a hada( a piece of silk used as a greeting gift), together with a cup of lacal wine. mongolians are well known for theirtalent in singing and beautiful songs are as entertaining and pleasant as the blue sky, white clouds, greengrass and fresh flowers, in folk culture, there is a saying that a feast is not a true feast without the company of songs. every person in the grassland, man or woman, old or young, can sing folk songs. when proposing toasts to their guests, they will show their hospitality by singing folksongs and playing special fiddles. the mongolian people have lived on the vast grassland for a long time, and they have refined their talent for sing and dancing. you can not only please your eyes with their traditional ethnic dancing but also with their mondern ones featuring merry rhythms and vigorous let`s enter the yurt and take advantage of this opportunity to be guests in a mongolian herdsman`s home.

(stepping out of the yurt)

under the blue sky and white clouds, you will see a vivid picture of flocks of sheep and herds of cattle, galloping horses and skillful herdsen on horseback brandishing horsewhips. do you want to go for a ride ? if you are skilled at riding, why not ride a mongolian horse for a while or wander about on camelback?if you are afraid of riding horses or camels,never mind. you still can enjoy the nomandic life by taking a special mongolian vehicle called a lele.

(briefing on the physique of mongolians)

now you have had a look at the grassland with your own eyes, but did you noticed that the mongolian girls are graceful,elegant and vigorous, and the young fellow are robust, heroic and muscular? it is said that this has much to do with their life styles which are connected with horse sports,running and r,the important role played by milk tea and milk products in developing their muscles and bones canot be underestimated.

(briefing on the dietary habit of mongolians)

lets start with milk tea,the host minces the tea and put it in a kettle to boil it. when the kettle starts boiling with a gurgling sound, the host pours the fresh milk into it. thus the herdsman coming in from a snowstorm will warm up immediately after having such a cup of milk tea. a bowl of milk tea, stir-fried rice, several piece of a dry milk product and some lamb is regarded as a delicious meal by the ordinary mongolian herdsman. milk products include the skin of boiled milk, milk curd, milk wine, cheese, butter and so on. the formal meal may be served with meat and a flour-base product.

while you are here on the grassland, it will be a great pity if you do not try shouba lamb(boil meat which is eaten using a knife and your hands).the lamb is first cut into big slices and then put into boiling water to it is half done, you cut it into smaller pieces with the mongolian knife and eat it. themongolian people think that half-done meat contains more nutrients.

(briefing on mongolian clothing)

the mongolian robe is unique to this ethnic group. the robe is often matched with a belt and head its high collar and long sleeves, the robe protects people from mosquitoes. the middle part of the robe is made loose for the convenience of riding horses and is long enough to keep the knees warm. you can find all kinds of clothes here today, but the robe is the cultural heritage of the mongolians and has become a symbol of their national conscience and identity.

(briefing on mongolian yurta)

you can see mongolian yurta here and there on do you know the history and structure of the mongolian yurta?according to the historical records of the xiongnu,an ancient ethnic group, their ancestors lived in the northland long ago. their living quarters were called yurta. in this sense mongolians, as a ethnic group, can date to 4,000 years ago. so the mongolian yurta are a symbol of the history of this ethnic group. now let`s talk about the construction of a yurt are a symbol of the history of this ethnic group, now let`s talk about the construction of a yurt. herdsmen first build a round foundation with pieces of stones, then they set up the structure with wodden wods and beams linked together with wollen or fur ropes,lastly, they cover the structure with animal skins or felt ceiling of the yurt is round. with such a structure, the yurt can withstand snowstorms and heavy rainfalls. the door of the yurt is small and down to the ground. the yurt can be easily moved and this is suitable for nomadic accounts for the reason why the structure of the yurt remains unchanged till today. if the mongolian yurt is seen as the home of the herdsmen, then the lelecarts can be viewed as their mobile homes. lelecarts move slowly with big noise. it is hard to tell when the history of lelecarts began. all the carts are made of birch, so they will reain in good condition even in wet weather. the wheels of the carts are tall and can easily roll across the uneven roads, lush bushes, thick snow and marshes. lelecarts are indispensable for herdsmen when they move cross snow-covered areas.

(briefing on mongolian festivals)

there are a lot of mogolian festivals held every year on the grassland, but the most famous one is nadam,the carnival the grassland. nadamin the mongolian language means recreation or entertainment. when it comes, there will be a lot of performances,such as horse racing, wrestling, archery and some other special ethnic performances. the nadam fair is a time-honored festival and was known world wide for 700years, nowadays the nadam fair is often held during the harvest season of the grassland, either in june or that period, herdsmen often take the opportunity to sell domestic animals and livestock products and purchasse daily necessilties and livelihood-related goods.

acturally, the herdsmen have few chances to get together on such a vast grassland, so nadam also plays the role of a big trade fair for them, when we talk about nadam, we should also talk about offering sacrifice at in mogolian means a pile of rocks or earth. on the vast and endless grassland, it is hard to tell directions, so people thought of pilling rocks or earth to mark them, in its long historical development aobao has become the shrine to offer scrifices to the god of the mountain and the god of the the sacrifice offering ceremony,people insert tree branches into the aobao and put pieces of colorful cloth or paper flags with written scripture on the branches there are four types of memorial ceremonies, namely blood,wine,fire and jade. no matter what type it is, a lama will be invited to butn incenses, chant scriptures and pray for the blessing of the people and their livestock. participants will walk around the aobao clockwise three the ceremony, the herdmen will not only enjoy horse races,wrestling and archery, but also singing, dancing and drinking to their heart`s content. around that time, young lovers will probably leave the crowd to be in a world of their own.

dear,distinguished guests,after this tour of this grassland i believe you must have a general idea of how the mongolian pelple live here and may een feel reluctant to leave the beautiful hulunbeier grassland. i belive the grassland and its people enjoyed your visit as much as you did and look forward to your next one.

ladies and gentlemen,i hope to have another chance to meet you again on this very land, the hulunbeier grassland. goodbye and good luck.

最新sp小贝协议书汇总五

lady and genlenmen:

welcome to hunlunbeier grassland! first of all, id like to tell you why people call this bdautiful grassland hulunbeier grassland. there is a moving legend behind it. a long, long time ago there lived a couple of lovers on the grassland. the girl was a hu lun. the boy was bei er. one day a demon chief called mang gusi abducted hulun and dried up the grassland. the grass withered and yellowed and domestic animals died one after order to save the grassland and hu lun, beier traved a great distance on foot, chasing after mang gasi day and night. finally, he fainted from exhaustion. in his weakened state, he dreamt that the demon chief had magically turned hu lu,bei er traveled a great distance on foot, chasing after mang gasi day and night. finally, he fainted from his weakened state, he dreamt that the demon chief had magically turned hu lun into a flower which was and suffering from the windy dream in front of him. he immediately watered the flower and broke the spell. hu lun changed back into her former self. but the demon chief would not give up. he immediately watered the flower and broke the spell. hu lun changed back in to her former self. but the demon chief would not give up. he seized hu lun and took her away again. hu lun racked her brain for a way to escape. she succeeded in getting hold of the magic pearl on the demon chief`s head. on swallowing the pearl hu lun turned into a lake. in the meantime beier had killed all of the other demons, but failed to find hu lun. heartbroken, bei er jumped in to a lake to kill of a sudden the earth split open and formed two lakes, hu lun lake and bei er lake, with the wilson river closely connecting them. later,people living on the grassland named the land hulunbeier grassland in momory of them.

hulunbeier covers an area of 250.557 square kilometers,with a totel population of 2.66 million. the mongolian natiality is the dominant ethic group, and 35 other nationlities,such as dawoer, ewenke, elunchun, han, manchu, russian, etc. live in harmony with them on the grassland. hunlunbeier is called green and clean land because it is relatively free of pollution.

(entering the grassland)

now were setting foot on hunlunbeier grassland. all of us have escaped from the city and its clamour and entered a place like a dreamland,look! the grassland looks like asoft, green cerpet, nowyou can enjoy the beautiful scenery in the distance; numeros kinds of wild flowers are in bloom, and wisps of smoke are rising continuously from the yurta scattered on the grassland. when the gentle breeze brushes against the grass, herds of horses and cattle and flock of sheep seem to be drifting from here ro there. what a beautiful picture!

(visiting a yurt)

this is the yurt we saw from the bus just now. look!the host and his family have come out of the to greet us. of couse, this is not an arranged reception, to be sure. but before we enter the yurt, idlike to make a brief introduction on the folk costoms here. no matter which yurt you happen to visit, you will finethat on hesring your footsteps the mongolian people will extend a warm welcome outsite the yurt, to do justice to their reputed hospitality. when greeting you, they will put their hands against their chests and bow slightly. with a how do you do, they invite their guestsin. male guests are invited to sit on the left and female on the right, while host sits in midle. the moment you take your seats, your host will have milk tea and various kinds of milk products pleaced in front of you. after a white, you will most probably probabyly be asked to help yourself to a special course called shouba lamd. as a way of showing respct to his distinguished guest, your hast will prsent you with a hada( a piece of silk used as a greeting gift), together with a cup of lacal wine. mongolians are well known for theirtalent in singing and beautiful songs are as entertaining and pleasant as the blue sky, white clouds, greengrass and fresh flowers, in folk culture, there is a saying that a feast is not a true feast without the company of songs. every person in the grassland, man or woman, old or young, can sing folk songs. when proposing toasts to their guests, they will show their hospitality by singing folksongs and playing special fiddles. the mongolian people have lived on the vast grassland for a long time, and they have refined their talent for sing and dancing. you can not only please your eyes with their traditional ethnic dancing but also with their mondern ones featuring merry rhythms and vigorous let`s enter the yurt and take advantage of this opportunity to be guests in a mongolian herdsman`s home.

(stepping out of the yurt)

under the blue sky and white clouds, you will see a vivid picture of flocks of sheep and herds of cattle, galloping horses and skillful herdsen on horseback brandishing horsewhips. do you want to go for a ride ? if you are skilled at riding, why not ride a mongolian horse for a while or wander about on camelback?if you are afraid of riding horses or camels,never mind. you still can enjoy the nomandic life by taking a special mongolian vehicle called a lele.

(briefing on the physique of mongolians)

now you have had a look at the grassland with your own eyes, but did you noticed that the mongolian girls are graceful,elegant and vigorous, and the young fellow are robust, heroic and muscular? it is said that this has much to do with their life styles which are connected with horse sports,running and r,the important role played by milk tea and milk products in developing their muscles and bones canot be underestimated.

(briefing on the dietary habit of mongolians)

lets start with milk tea,the host minces the tea and put it in a kettle to boil it. when the kettle starts boiling with a gurgling sound, the host pours the fresh milk into it. thus the herdsman coming in from a snowstorm will warm up immediately after having such a cup of milk tea. a bowl of milk tea, stir-fried rice, several piece of a dry milk product and some lamb is regarded as a delicious meal by the ordinary mongolian herdsman. milk products include the skin of boiled milk, milk curd, milk wine, cheese, butter and so on. the formal meal may be served with meat and a flour-base product.

while you are here on the grassland, it will be a great pity if you do not try shouba lamb(boil meat which is eaten using a knife and your hands).the lamb is first cut into big slices and then put into boiling water to it is half done, you cut it into smaller pieces with the mongolian knife and eat it. themongolian people think that half-done meat contains more nutrients.

(briefing on mongolian clothing)

the mongolian robe is unique to this ethnic group. the robe is often matched with a belt and head its high collar and long sleeves, the robe protects people from mosquitoes. the middle part of the robe is made loose for the convenience of riding horses and is long enough to keep the knees warm. you can find all kinds of clothes here today, but the robe is the cultural heritage of the mongolians and has become a symbol of their national conscience and identity.

(briefing on mongolian yurta)

you can see mongolian yurta here and there on do you know the history and structure of the mongolian yurta?according to the historical records of the xiongnu,an ancient ethnic group, their ancestors lived in the northland long ago. their living quarters were called yurta. in this sense mongolians, as a ethnic group, can date to 4,000 years ago. so the mongolian yurta are a symbol of the history of this ethnic group. now let`s talk about the construction of a yurt are a symbol of the history of this ethnic group, now let`s talk about the construction of a yurt. herdsmen first build a round foundation with pieces of stones, then they set up the structure with wodden wods and beams linked together with wollen or fur ropes,lastly, they cover the structure with animal skins or felt ceiling of the yurt is round. with such a structure, the yurt can withstand snowstorms and heavy rainfalls. the door of the yurt is small and down to the ground. the yurt can be easily moved and this is suitable for nomadic accounts for the reason why the structure of the yurt remains unchanged till today. if the mongolian yurt is seen as the home of the herdsmen, then the lelecarts can be viewed as their mobile homes. lelecarts move slowly with big noise. it is hard to tell when the history of lelecarts began. all the carts are made of birch, so they will reain in good condition even in wet weather. the wheels of the carts are tall and can easily roll across the uneven roads, lush bushes, thick snow and marshes. lelecarts are indispensable for herdsmen when they move cross snow-covered areas.

(briefing on mongolian festivals)

there are a lot of mogolian festivals held every year on the grassland, but the most famous one is nadam,the carnival the grassland. nadamin the mongolian language means recreation or entertainment. when it comes, there will be a lot of performances,such as horse racing, wrestling, archery and some other special ethnic performances. the nadam fair is a time-honored festival and was known world wide for 700years, nowadays the nadam fair is often held during the harvest season of the grassland, either in june or that period, herdsmen often take the opportunity to sell domestic animals and livestock products and purchasse daily necessilties and livelihood-related goods.

acturally, the herdsmen have few chances to get together on such a vast grassland, so nadam also plays the role of a big trade fair for them, when we talk about nadam, we should also talk about offering sacrifice at in mogolian means a pile of rocks or earth. on the vast and endless grassland, it is hard to tell directions, so people thought of pilling rocks or earth to mark them, in its long historical development aobao has become the shrine to offer scrifices to the god of the mountain and the god of the the sacrifice offering ceremony,people insert tree branches into the aobao and put pieces of colorful cloth or paper flags with written scripture on the branches there are four types of memorial ceremonies, namely blood,wine,fire and jade. no matter what type it is, a lama will be invited to butn incenses, chant scriptures and pray for the blessing of the people and their livestock. participants will walk around the aobao clockwise three the ceremony, the herdmen will not only enjoy horse races,wrestling and archery, but also singing, dancing and drinking to their heart`s content. around that time, young lovers will probably leave the crowd to be in a world of their own.

dear,distinguished guests,after this tour of this grassland i believe you must have a general idea of how the mongolian pelple live here and may een feel reluctant to leave the beautiful hulunbeier grassland. i belive the grassland and its people enjoyed your visit as much as you did and look forward to your next one.

ladies and gentlemen,i hope to have another chance to meet you again on this very land, the hulunbeier grassland. goodbye and good luck.